Substances can exist in three states of matter - solid, liquid and gas. All substances are made from particles, and the forces between the particles are different in solids, liquids and gases.

Quantum field theory marries the ideas of other quantum theories to depict all particles as “excitations” that arise in underlying fields. The British physicist Paul Dirac started the ball ...

Its crowning glory came in 2012 with the discovery of the Higgs boson, the particle that gives all other fundamental particles their mass, whose existence was predicted on the basis of quantum ...