Boundary value problems (BVPs) and optimal control are critical areas of study in fluid dynamics, particularly when dealing with complex fluid behaviors and interactions. These mathematical ...

Fourth-order boundary value problems (BVPs) are a significant area of study in mathematical analysis and applied mathematics. These problems involve differential equations of the fourth order ...

Reviews ordinary differential equations, including solutions by Fourier series. Physical derivation of the classical linear partial differential equations (heat, wave, and Laplace equations). Solution ...