Mitchell in 1961 to explain ATP synthesis in the inner membrane of mitochondria and of chloroplasts by a fuel-cell type of mechanism ...

it can be repeated endlessly until it has pumped enough protons to generate 1 ATP. Chemiosmosis allows cells to save loose change, so to speak. The proton gradients that power respiration are as ...

such as ATP synthesis and solute and protein transport. To achieve this understanding, the nature of biological membranes and the energy transducing proteins associated with those membranes are ...