The solution is said to be in equilibrium – there is therefore no net movement in one direction. Water leaves the cell by osmosis. The cytoplasm shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall.

Coding sequences for the majority of chloroplast proteins have been lost, so these proteins are now encoded by the nuclear genome, synthesized in the cytoplasm, and transported from the cytoplasm ...

During prometaphase, the nuclear envelope that encloses the nucleus breaks down, and the nucleus is no longer separated from the cytoplasm. Protein formations called kinetochores form around the ...