Caption Nerve cells in the African elephant’s facial motor nucleus (left). The facial nucleus is the brain structure, which controls the muscles of the face. Trunk tip of an African elephant ...

This process is known as higher-order conditioning and can be measured using sensory preconditioning tasks in rodents. This behavioral paradigm requires the repeated and simultaneous presentation of ...

The following discussion focuses on two methods of blood collection — ventral tail artery puncture and dorsal or lateral tail vein puncture. The rat tail contains a dorsal vein, two lateral ...