A reanalysis of paleomagnetic poles provides tighter bounds on the style and rate of motions of our whole planet with respect ...

Climate and Earth system modelling is the use of mathematical representations of key components and properties of the atmosphere, ocean and biosphere to construct computer models. These models ...

Earth system models (ESMs ... ESMs are composed of model components that simulate individual parts of the climate system (such as the atmosphere, ocean, land, and sea ice) and the exchange ...

The atmosphere interacts closely with the rest of the Earth system – including the biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and lithosphere – as well as with urban areas and societies on time scales from ...