I cannot conclude this essay without mentioning the role of an external layer of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria called lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in innate immunity.

First, gram-negative bacteria have a thin cell wall that is about 1.5 to 10 nanometers across, whereas gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall measuring about 20 to 80 nanometers.

Three of these six pathogens are antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Recently, antibacterial drugs against ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria accounted for ∼15% (2 out of 13 ...