Throughout evolution, plants have continuously adapted to survive in changing environments. Apart from complex structural ...

Plant behavior may seem rather boring compared with the frenetic excesses of animals. Yet the lives of our vegetable friends, ...

Gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere takes place through the stomata, which consist in two bean-shaped guard cells surrounding a pore. (a) Malate and Cl − efflux from the guard ...

It moves by diffusion through small holes in the underside of the leaf called stomata. Guard cells control the size of the stomata so that the leaf does not lose too much water in hot, windy or ...

Carry out photosynthesis. Guard cells Open and close to control the exchange of gases – carbon dioxide, water vapour and oxygen. Phloem Sieve tubes Transport products of photosynthesis ...