On the lower half of the leaf are spongy mesophyll cells. These have air spaces between them to let gases flow. The stomata - tiny openings or pores – allow gases such as carbon dioxide and ...

Spongy mesophyll close spongy mesophyllThe plant tissue in a leaf which has loosely packed cells and air spaces between them to allow gas exchange. tissue is packed loosely for efficient gas exchange.

and ends with the fully structured leaf, composed of several cell types such as trichomes, guard cells, epidermal and mesophyll layers, and vascular cells. An autonomous robotic platform enables ...

Targeted meristem (SAM) and mesophyll cells (leaf abaxial/adaxial cells without epidermal cells) before (B) and after (C) LMD. Credit: Horticulture Research (2024). DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae059 ...