Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an abnormal thickening of the left ventricular myocardium that occurs as an adaptive mechanism to increased afterload. The left ventricular myocytes ...

A protocol for transitioning patients with heart failure and a left ventricular assist device to a stepdown unit from the ICU ...

A 76-year-old woman presents with a persistently rapid heart rate that she attributes to her pacemaker. What does the ECG ...

Left ventricular hypertrophy can be diagnosed on ECG with good specificity. When the myocardium is hypertrophied, there is a larger mass of myocardium for electrical activation to pass through ...

Heart Rate x Stroke Volume = Cardiac Output. is the total volume of blood pumped out by the left ventricle every minute. It can be calculated using the following equation: \(\text{cardiac output} ...