The development of less toxic, liposomal formulations of cisplatin has been hampered by the low water solubility and low lipophilicity of cisplatin, resulting in very low encapsulation efficiencies.

In the field of medicinal chemistry, heterocyclic compounds play an essential role by displaying different biological activity. Five-membered ring containing heterocycles always attracted researchers ...

However, their strong hydrophilicity and poor lipophilicity result in insufficient cell membrane permeability, and high doses are required to achieve therapeutic effects, which severely limits ...