The venous anatomy of the lower leg is made up of two axial systems ... systems are interconnected by fascial piercing perforator veins. It is generally regarded that the deep system is a system ...

Varicose veins (VVs) classically result from venous hypertension owing to incompetence of the major communications between the superficial and deep veins of the lower extremity. In a significant ...

Research has also explored the reliability of perforators as recipient arteries in lower extremity reconstruction. A study analyzing 423 free perforator flaps found that using perforator-to ...