The additional use of an instrument for delivery of a macrosomic infant is associated with an increase in the risk of shoulder dystocia. When a shoulder dystocia risk exists, team preparedness ...

Of the included women, 9.7% (379/3,925) gave birth to macrosomic infants. Table 2 shows that GDM, regardless of the criteria used to classify it, predicted an ~ 50 70% greater risk of delivering ...