The cardiovascular system, the human body’s circulatory system, is a vital network of organs and tissues such as the blood, heart, and blood vessels responsible for transporting blood. The circulatory ...

When the legs are elevated at night, the fluid redistributes centrally causing pulmonary edema resulting in orthopnea (dyspnea while laying flat) or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND). Hepatic ...

the fluid redistributes centrally causing pulmonary edema resulting in orthopnea (dyspnea while laying flat) or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND). Hepatic congestion can occur causing right upper ...

Diagnosis of congestive heart failure can be made clinically in the vast majority of patients if the symptoms of pulmonary venous hypertension (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea) and/or ...