Multidimensional composite pain scales are used to carry out an objective pain evaluation of the animal and allow the intensity of the pain to be quantified: generally, the higher the score, the ...

Schmidt’s pain scale runs from one to four, with four being the most painful. “You should have learned, but the carpet is the same, and when you again reach for the light switch, the shock mocks you.” ...

This study, comparing NRS and VRS psychometric properties in the assessment of pain ... levels possible with NRS. The possibility to increase the number of verbal descriptors in VRS scales has ...

Outcome measures included number of missed training days due to pain and three visual analogue scale (VAS) items for pain during rest ... the motion control shoe reporting greater levels of pain in ...