The deep and superficial systems are interconnected by fascial piercing perforator veins. It is generally regarded that the deep system is a system of high pressure as it is subject to the calf ...

However, in the setting of superficial GSV and SSV or perforator reflux ... the timing of when to treat the associated varicose veins is controversial. Treatment of the varicosities may be ...

This method is ineffective for varicose veins from grade 2 onwards as it cannot affect the deep venous system, located 1-2 cm beneath the skin and the main cause of saphenous vein insufficiency ...