Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) involves a laser ablation procedure, where a laser pulse interacts with a material surface to induce the formation of a plasma plume that expands away from the surface.

The laser wavelength, pulse duration, and fluence (energy density) significantly influence the ablation process and the resulting plasma plume. Shorter wavelengths and higher fluences generally lead ...

This rapidly developing field explores the fourth state of matter, called plasma, under conditions similar to those occurring in the interiors of stars, nuclear fusion reactors, and lightning bolts.

The engine operates in a pulse-periodic mode, with a power output of 300 kW, and has demonstrated a lifespan of 2,400 hours, long enough for a Mars-bound journey. Once operational, the plasma ...