The 3R principles are an external page ethical concept formulated in 1959 by British scientists William Russell and Rex Burch. The 3Rs stand for Replacement, Reduction and Refinement. They aim to ...

3R' stands for "Reduce, Refine, Replace": the number of animals per experiment is reduced to the absolute minimum ('Reduction'); the performance of the experiments and the keeping of the animals ...

Its conclusions are designed to reinforce the UK Home Office regulations for animal experimentation, which in 1959 introduced the '3R' goals—refinement, reduction and replacement—ultimately ...

Ori Bar-Nur, Professor of Regenerative and Muscle Biology at ETH Zurich, receives a external page Refinement Grant 2023 from the Swiss 3R Competence Centre (3RCC). His project aims to replace the ...