A trauma bond is characterized by cycles of negative reinforcement interspersed with occasional bursts of positive reinforcement; this so-called intermittent reinforcement makes it very difficult ...

This emotional attachment, known as a trauma bond, develops out of a repeated cycle of abuse, devaluation, and positive reinforcement. It’s only natural to develop a bond with someone who treats ...

One of the most insidious effects of emotional mirroring is the reinforcement of negative emotional cycles. When partners reflect each other's stress or frustration, they unintentionally amplify ...