In some places, the underside of the sea ice looks like giant green clouds. These are the 'grass meadows' of Antarctica, made ...

While the world under the ice might seem still, it's actually alive with microorganisms such as algae year round, both in the water and inside the ice. With the help of Budziak and the diving ...

As more ice is exposed each year, algae may colonize and darken these surfaces, enhancing melt rates in a self-reinforcing cycle. Integrating microbial processes into climate models could improve ...

They suspect they may slow the growth of black snow algae - which contributes to ice-melt. Normal viruses are around 1,000 times smaller than bacteria, but giant viruses - first discovered in the ...