How then does the tonoplast increase its surface area so ... Signal processing and transduction in plant cells: the end of the beginning? Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2, 307–314 ...

Figure 1: Cellulose microfibrils are one of the primary components of plant cell walls and are composed of 36 hydrogen-bonded β-1,4-linked glucose residues, each produced from a single CESA subunit.

The research team showed that ATG8, which is normally located in small cellular vesicles that mediate autophagy, is quickly relocated to the vacuole membrane upon disruption of the cell wall.