XPS relies on the photoelectric effect, where irradiating a material with X-rays causes ... The process begins with the absorption of X-ray photons by atoms in the material, leading to the ejection of ...

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is one of the most popular surface analysis methods because it can be used on a broad range of materials and it supplies highly useful chemical data on the ...

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)is a highly sensitive technique for identifying and quantifying the chemical states of elements on the outermost surface of a solid. It is especially useful for ...