Renal hypoperfusion occurs as a result of reduced cardiac output, resulting in the activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, which compensates for the hypoperfusion. However ...

chronic kidney disease (CKD), the metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus (Schrier, R. W. et al. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. in press). The finding that angiotensin II and aldosterone are ...

particularly in patients with chronic kidney disease and/or diabetes. The general benefit of aldosterone blockade in subjects with resistant hypertension suggests that aldosterone excess may be a ...

With aldosterone synthase inhibitors, you worry about potassium levels and hyperkalemia. That has been a limitation of these types of therapies, especially for patients with any degree of renal ...

Aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone ... New York Heart Association functional class IV symptoms, preserved renal function and a normal potassium concentration. Spironolactone was investigated ...