When and how those decisions are made are fundamentally unanswered questions in sponge reproduction. Here we review the diversity of vertical transmission modes existent in the entire phylum Porifera ...

In the early 2000s, molecular data began to show an unexpected amount of genetic diversity in this “phylum of one” (Voigt et al ... The relationships between the principal animal lineages (Bilateria, ...

Detecting danger is key to the survival and success of all species. Animal nervous and immune systems cooperate to optimize danger detection. Preceding studies have highlighted the benefits of ...

The trick to getting a sponge cake to rise is to mix the wet ingredients together before gently folding in the dry ingredients to keep air in the mixture. The creaming method, in which butter and ...

Biofilm 1 predominated in month-1, filamentous algae dominated from month-2 to month-6, and Biofilm 2 dominated from month-7 to month-10. In later months, articulated calcareous algae, Hydrozoa and ...

sponges are also the oldest animal on earth, the first to emerge from life's single common ancestor: a phylum. Since roughly 640 million years ago, sponges have been perfectly content to float ...