The heart is a highly sex-biased organ, as sex shapes innumerable aspects of heart health and disease. Sex chromosomes and sex hormones —testosterone, progesterone, and estrogen— establish and ...

Standardised ischaemic stroke rate per 100 000 person years were 18 (95% confidence interval 18 to 19) for no use, 39 (36 to 42) for combined oral contraception, 33 (25 to 44) for progestin-only pills ...