They described three important concepts now known as the “Three R’s - Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement.” The purpose of these concepts is to minimize animal use and pain or distress while still ...

So why do scientists persist in denigrating their own behavior by advocating the three Rs: refinement, reduction, and replacement? In the United Kingdom, since the passage of the 1986 Animals ...

Donald Trump must be doing a good job. He is all for the three R’s: the rich, the richer and the richest. Gerhard G. Carrle, ...

In 1959, the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) Scholars Russell & Burch published the Principles of Humane Experimental Technique in which they laid out the principles of the Three Rs.

It hasn’t been about ‘reading ‘riting and ‘rithmatic for generations. Throughout my 20 years as Long Island’s sole New York State regent, I have witnessed profound—even historic ...