The energy in flowing water has to go somewhere, and when a valve is shut off, the pipes can flex and “hammer” against anything close — like nearby studs, joists or other water pipes.

“Existing valves on most water heaters are not full port valves,” says Barnes. “This means they are not the actual pipe ...

A sprinkler system employing automatic sprinklers attached to a piping system containing air or nitrogen under pressure, the release of which (from the open sprinklers) permits the water pressure to ...