A rather more obvious circuit uses a MOSFET or bipolar transistor as a switch, driving the gate or base with the 3.3V logic and taking the 5V logic output from the drain or collector. This is very ...

In theory, the transistor is either off so you basically have a 5V pullup resistor to the output, or it is in saturation, so the output is a few tenths of a volt. If you feed a nice square wave ...

all of which are available both in both 2.5v I/O transistor and 1.8v I/O transistor design. “The challenge of identifying market opportunities for new product development, and successfully leveraging ...