How do plants breathe through stomata? Key regulators of stomata are plant vacuoles, fluid-filled organelles bound by a single membrane called the tonoplast. Plant vacuoles are fluid-filled ...

Gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere takes place through the stomata, which consist in two bean-shaped guard cells surrounding a pore. (a) Malate and Cl − efflux from the guard ...

More information: Shouguang Huang et al, Guard cells count the number of unitary cytosolic Ca 2+ signals to regulate stomatal dynamics, Current Biology (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.086 ...

Papanatsiou et al., “Optogenetic manipulation of stomatal kinetics improves carbon assimilation, water use, and growth,” Science, 363:1456–59, 2019. In plants, guard cells control the stomatal opening ...

It moves by diffusion through small holes in the underside of the leaf called stomata. Guard cells control the size of the stomata so that the leaf does not lose too much water in hot, windy or ...

Carry out photosynthesis. Guard cells Open and close to control the exchange of gases – carbon dioxide, water vapour and oxygen. Phloem Sieve tubes Transport products of photosynthesis ...