Until recently phased array radar has been very expensive, used only for military applications where the cost of survival weighs in the balance. With the advent of low-cost microwave devices and ...

Phased array antenna systems are at the cusp of ubiquity ... This beam steering is achieved by the use of a phase shifter (or its equivalent) in series with each and every antenna element.

But phased-array radars work differently ... computers command each of its radiating elements to slightly shift the initial phase of the radio waves they shoot. Thus, each element emits a radio ...

The devices, which have a myriad of uses in photonics, consist of an array of pixels, each of which can individually control the phase or amplitude of light passing through it or reflecting off it.