timing or even the spatial shape of a single-photon beam. In recent years it has become popular to use states that have definite values of orbital angular momentum (OAM) as qudits 1. However ...

Scientists have long used Gaussian beams to study how light interacts with matter. These beams resemble plane waves and rely mostly on dipole-active transitions. Because atoms are much smaller than ...

In this study, a qudit was implemented by the orbital angular momentum state of a single-photon, and dimensional expansion was possible by adjusting the phase of a photon through holographic images.