2021年2月25日 · Joshi SS, 0 2 10 .

### Learning objectives Endocarditis is defined as inflammation of the endocardium, the lining of the cardiac chambers and valves, and characterised by vegetations, most commonly caused by infection with bacteria or fungi. Non-infective endocarditis, also known as non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) or aseptic endocarditis, refers to a …

Heart and circulatory diseases affect more than seven million people in the UK. Non-invasive cardiac imaging is a critical element of contemporary cardiology practice. Progressive improvements in technology over the last 20 years have increased diagnostic accuracy in all modalities and led to the incorporation of non-invasive imaging into many standard cardiac clinical care pathways. Cardiac ...

### Learning objectives Significant improvements in the diagnostic power and availability of non-invasive cardiac imaging techniques, in addition to evidence of potential harm associated with pulmonary artery (PA) catheterisation in patients in critical care, have led to a decline in right heart catheterisation (RHC) over recent years.1 RHC, however, remains an important tool in …

The increasing burden of atrial fibrillation (AF) and significant morbidity/mortality associated with this arrhythmia encourage screening it in clinical practice, as recommended in current guidelines. It means opportunistic screening (in patients over 65 years) or systematic screening (in people above 75 years) by using clinical examination, followed by an ECG, 24-hour ECG monitoring or ...

### Learning objectives Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, resulting in ~18 million deaths annually.1 Atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) accounts for four out of every five cardiovascular (CV) deaths, one-third of which are premature.1 From 2010 to 2020, there was a global increase of ~19% in CV deaths.1 The economic burden of CVD on the European economy exceeds ...

Calcium: the secret key? Calcification is the cardinal process driving a vicious cycle that propagates aortic valve (AV) stiffness and obstruction.3 Disruption of the endothelial layer promotes the uptake of oxidised lipids and immune cells, promoting an inflammation–calcification loop with fibrotic remodelling of the aortic leaflets.4 Activation of …

#### Learning objectives This paper covers part of the ESC Core Curriculum for the General Cardiologist (2013)41 : 2.17 Heart Failure Objectives: Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome with typical symptoms of breathlessness, fatigue, reduced exercise tolerance, body swelling and signs of fluid retention such as increased jugular venous pressure (JVP), pulmonary congestion and peripheral ...

950 Garbi M. Heart 2021;107:949–953. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318661 Review of Health and Social Care, and Public Health England to reflect national health ...

### Learning objectives Myocarditis is defined as an inflammation of the myocardium resulting from various infectious and non-infectious causes, such as viruses, adverse drug reactions or toxins. The condition can present with a subacute, acute, fulminant or chronic course. Inflammation of the myocardium in the context of organ dysfunction is referred to as inflammatory cardiomyopathy.1 ...